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ent and poten-
Islam . 47
tially subversive criticism of the luxury of the court. Hasan
initiated a religious reform in Basrahteaching his followers
to meditate deeply on the Quranand that reflectionself-
examination and a total surrender to God's will were the
source of true happinesssince they resolved the tensions be-
t [link widoczny dla zalogowanych][link widoczny dla zalogowanych]n human desires and what God desired for men and
women. Hasan supported the Umayyadsbut made it clear
that he reserved the right to criticize them if they deserved it.
He had opted for a theology known as the Qadariyyahbe-
cause it studied the decrees (qadar) of God. Human beings
had free will and were responsible for their actions; they were
not predestined to act in a certain waysince God was just and
would not command them to live virtuously if it was not in
their power. Thereforethe caliphs must be accountable for
their deedsand must be taken to task if they disobeyed God's
clear teaching. When Caliph Abd al-Malik heard that Hasan
had been spreading this potentially rebellious doctrinehe
summoned him to courtbut Hasan was so popular that the
caliph dared not punish him. Hasan had begun the strong
Muslim tradition of combining a disciplined interior lifyilai:
[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

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